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Wastewater, is any water  that has  been  adversely affected in quality  by  anthropogenic influence. Municipal  wastewater is usually  treated  in a combined sewer, sanitary  sewer, effluent sewer or septic  tank.

Sewage is  the  subset of  wastewater that is  contaminated with feces or urine, but is often used to mean any wastewater. Sewage includes domestic, municipal, or industrial liquid waste

products disposed of, usually  via a pipe or sewer (sanitary  or combined), sometimes  in  a  cesspool emptier.  Sewerage is the  physical infrastructure, including  pipes,  pumps, screens, channels etc.  used  to convey sewage  from  its  origin  to the point of eventual  treatment  or disposal. It is found in all types of sewage treatment,  with  the exception of septic  systems, which  treat sewage on-site.

At the elevated temperatures and pressures within a boiler, water exhibits different physical and chemical properties than those observed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Chemicals may be added to maintain pH levels minimizing water solubility of boiler materials while allowing efficient action of other chemicals added to prevent foaming, to consume oxygen before it corrodes the boiler, to precipitate dissolved solids before they form scale on steam generating surfaces, and to remove those precipitates from the vicinity of the steam-generating surfaces.

are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fl uid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature. Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refi neries, petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations and HVAC systems for cooling buildings. Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures that can be up to 200 metres tall and 100 metres in diameter, or rectangular structures that can

is a membrane-technology filtration method that removes many types  of large molecules and ions from solutions by applying  pressure to the solution  when  it is on one side of a selective membrane. The  result  is that the solute  is retained  on  the  pressurized side  of  the  membrane  and the pure solvent  is allowed  to pass  to the other side. To be “selective,” this membrane should  not allow large molecules or ions  through  the pores  (holes),  but should allow  smaller  components of  the  solution  (such  as  the solvent)  to pass

covers the mechanisms and processes used  to treat waters that  have  been  contaminated in  some way by  anthropogenic industrial  or commercial activities prior to its release  into the environment or its re-use. Most  industries produce  some wet  waste although recent  trends  in the  developed world  have  been  to minimise  such   production   or  recycle  asuch   waste within the production  process. However, many industries remain dependent on processes that produce  wastewaters

Water consultants are needed due the lack of chemistry knowledge of many chemical and equipment suppliers and conflicts of interest between proper plant operation and treatment versus sales. An independent water treatment consultant will provide unbiased advice in order to make the best decisions for the company. For example, a mechanical solution could be available to take the place of a chemical solution. Chances are; a chemical salesman will more often present a chemical solution where a mechanical solution may actually be best for the customer and vice versa. It is our job to identify ALL reasonable alternatives and evaluate the best based on the customer needs. Facilities that do not properly address water treatment needs risk overspending on treatment programs (that may prove ineffective) and also risk millions of dollars in affected equipment.